Rápidas bajadas de peso corporal en deportes de combate. Efecto sobre las capacidades físicas
Publicado 30-06-2023
Palabras clave
- Ciencias de la salud,
- Pérdida de peso,
- Artes marciales
Cómo citar
Derechos de autor 2023 Walter L. Dzurovcin, Jésica Formoso, María Julia Raimundi
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
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Resumen
Introducción: el judo es un deporte de combate cuya clasificación competitiva depende del peso corporal. El 90% de los judocas, en el afán de obtener ventajas relativas con relación al tamaño y fuerza muscular, realizan abordajes agresivos de descenso de peso 48 hs previas a una competencia. Estos procedimientos se denominan genéricamente descenso rápido de peso o rapid weight loss (RWL). Existen controversias respecto de las consecuencias para la salud de estos procedimientos. Evaluar el efecto de las RWL sobre las capacidades físicas de los judocas de selección nacional. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de simulación de reducción de peso precompetitivo a 14 atletas de selección argentina de judo. Se realizaron pruebas físicas específicas validadas para el deporte, en condiciones normales vs en condiciones de restricción calórica / hídricas voluntarias, a judocas que evidenciaron una bajada de peso corporal >= 1,5 kg en 48 hs. Resultados: Los métodos de RWL más usados son la restricción calórica/ hídrica agresiva y la deshidratación activa. Su principal consecuencia fue el aumento de la frecuencia cardíaca y la mayor dificultad para restituir los valores basales. Se hallaron valores marginales para la medición de fuerza resistencia de miembros superiores. Conclusión: Los procedimientos de RWL implican más stress cardiovascular, alteran la fuerza resistencia de miembros superiores y son generadoras de mayor posibilidad de desarrollo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Los profesionales de salud deben participar activamente en el desarrollo de estrategias más seguras y efectivas. Se sugieren cambios en las directrices para el pesaje clasificatorio.
Citas
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