Physical Characterstics of Junior Athletes in India Across Training Phase and Sports

Keren Harish Tiwari
Department of Sports Physiology and Nutrition, National Sports University, Manipur, India
Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt
MYAS-NIN Dept. of Sports Science, ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India

Publicado 15-04-2025

Palabras clave

  • Atletas júnior,
  • Características físicas,
  • Composición corporal,
  • % de grasa

Cómo citar

Tiwari, K. H., & Yagnambhatt, V. R. (2025). Physical Characterstics of Junior Athletes in India Across Training Phase and Sports. La Revista Internacional De Cineantropometría, 5(1), 106–120. https://doi.org/10.34256/ijk25111

Dimensions

Resumen

Introducción: Los atletas adolescentes se encuentran en una edad crucial, requiriendo energía para entrenar, además del crecimiento, y los atletas jóvenes necesitan mantener un balance energético positivo. Los cambios en las características físicas, particularmente en la composición corporal, también son parte de la fase de crecimiento y pueden reflejarse en el balance energético. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las características físicas de los atletas juveniles en las diferentes fases de entrenamiento. Métodos: En este estudio longitudinal, 79 atletas juveniles (Atletismo: Niños=19, Niñas=17; Fútbol: Niños=13, Niñas=16; Halterofilia: Niños=9, Niñas=5 en fase de descanso de PC y el tamaño de la muestra varía según las fases) de 10 a 17 años fueron reclutados de una Escuela Estatal de Deportes, con la mayoría participando a nivel nacional y entrenando durante un mínimo de 24 horas por semana durante un período mínimo de 3 años. Las características físicas, incluyendo circunferencias y composición corporal (usando la suma de 4 pliegues cutáneos) se evaluaron a través del descanso postcompetitivo (PC-descanso, enero), preparatoria (PP, julio) y fase de competencia (CP, diciembre) en un año calendario. Las diferencias en las características físicas a través de las fases de entrenamiento dentro de los deportes se evaluaron usando el ANOVA de método mixto y a través de eventos usando ANOVA univariante. Resultados: A través de las fases de entrenamiento, los niños en el evento de atletismo, mostraron una disminución en circunferencias como cuello, cintura, muslo y pantorrilla de PC-descanso a la fase CP, sin embargo, los jugadores de fútbol masculino mostraron un aumento significativo en el cuello, cintura, muslo, pantorrilla y circunferencias del brazo medio superior (MUAC), junto con el pliegue cutáneo supraespinal. Además, los niños de levantamiento de pesas también exhibieron un aumento significativo en el pecho, MUAC y masa libre de grasa, con una disminución significativa en el bíceps y el pliegue cutáneo supraespinal a través de PC-descanso a la fase CP. En todos los eventos, el porcentaje de grasa corporal fue menor en el grupo atlético y la masa libre de grasa fue mayor en los levantadores de pesas, mientras que los futbolistas mostraron un mayor porcentaje de grasa en la fase de entrenamiento. El MUAC fue mayor en los levantadores de pesas, independientemente de la fase de entrenamiento y el evento. Conclusión: Las características físicas, en particular la circunferencia y la composición corporal, variaron entre los eventos y las fases de entrenamiento; los levantadores de pesas mostraron una mayor mejora en la masa libre de grasa, mientras que los atletas de pista mostraron un menor porcentaje de grasa en la fase de entrenamiento. Se requieren estudios adicionales con conjuntos de datos más amplios para explorar los estándares normativos para los atletas indios.

Citas

  1. Aerenhouts, D., Clarys, P., Taeymans, J., & Van Cauwenberg, J. (2015). Estimating body composition in adolescent sprint athletes: Comparison of different methods in a 3 years longitudinal design. PloS one, 10(8), e0136788.
  2. Alburquerque, F., Sánchez, F., Prieto, J., López, N., & Santos, M. (2005). Kinanthropometric assessment of a football team over one season. European Journal of Anatomy, 9(1), 17-22
  3. Amorós, G. B., Padilla, E. L., & de la Rosa, F. J. B. (2015). Nutritional intake and nutritional status in elite Mexican teenagers soccer players of different ages. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 32(4), 1735-1743.
  4. Bellew, J. W., & Gehrig, L. (2006). A comparison of bone mineral density in adolescent female swimmers, soccer players, and weight lifters. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 18(1), 19-22.
  5. Berges, G.L., Llorente, Á.M., Bruton, A.G., Agüero, A.G., Rodríguez, G.V., Casajús, J.A. (2017). Body fat percentage comparisons between four methods in young football players: are they comparable?. Nutricion hospitalaria, 34(5): 1119-1124.
  6. Braun, H., von Andrian-Werburg, J., Schänzer, W., & Thevis, M. (2018). Nutrition Status of Young Elite Female German Football Players. Pediatric exercise science, 30(01), 1-11.
  7. Caccialanza, R., Cameletti, B., & Cavallaro, G. (2007). Nutritional intake of young Italian high-level soccer players: Under-reporting is the essential outcome. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 6, 538-542.
  8. Chamari, K., Moussa-Chamari, I., Boussaidi, L., Hachana, Y., Kaouech, F., & Wisløff, U. (2005). Appropriate interpretation of aerobic capacity: allometric scaling in adult and young soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(2), 97-101.
  9. Deprez, D., Valente-dos-Santos, J., e Silva, M. C., Lenoir, M., Philippaerts, R. M., & Vaeyens, R. (2014). Modeling developmental changes in the yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1 in elite pubertal soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(6), 1006-1012.
  10. Douda, H. T., Toubekis, A. G., Avloniti, A. A., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2008). Physiological and anthropometric determinants of rhythmic gymnastics performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(1), 41-54.
  11. Durnin, J., & Rahaman, M. M. (1967). The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness. British Journal of Nutrition, 21(03), 681-689.
  12. Etchison, W. C., Bloodgood, E. A., Minton, C. P., Thompson, N. J., Collins, M. A., Hunter, S. C., & Dai, H. (2011). Body mass index and percentage of body fat as indicators for obesity in an adolescent athletic population. Sports Health, 3(3), 249-252.
  13. Fry, A.C., Ciroslan, D., Fry, M. D., LeRoux, C.D., Schilling, B.K., Chiu, L.Z. (2006). Anthropometric and performance variables discriminating elite American junior men weightlifters. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(4): 861-866. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-18355.1
  14. García-Pinillos, F., Ruiz-Ariza, A., Moreno del Castillo, R., Latorre-Román, P. Á. (2015). Impact of limited hamstring flexibility on vertical jump, kicking speed, sprint, and agility in young football players. Journal of sports sciences, 33(12): 1293-1297. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1022577
  15. Garrido-Chamorro, R., Sirvent-Belando, J., Gonzalez-Lorenzo, M., Martin-Carratala, M., & Roche, E. (2009). Correlation between body mass index and body composition in elite athletes. Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 49(3), 278.
  16. Gioldasis, A., Bekris, E., & Gissis, I. (2014). Playing position: anthropometric and fitness demands in youth soccer. Sport Science Review, 23(3-4), 151-168.
  17. Greene, D. A., Naughton, G. A., Briody, J. N., Kemp, A., Woodhead, H. (2006). Assessment of bone strength at differentially-loaded skeletal regions in adolescent middle-distance runners. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9(3): 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.03.030
  18. Helsen, F.W., Hodges, N.J., Winckel, J. V., Starkes, J.L. (2000). The roles of talent, physical precocity and practice in the development of soccer expertise. Journal of sports sciences, 18(9): 727-736. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120104
  19. Hosseinzadeh, J., Maghsoudi, Z., Abbasi, B., Daneshvar, P., Hojjati, A., & Ghiasvand, R. (2017). Evaluation of dietary intakes, body composition, and cardiometabolic parameters in adolescent team sports elite athletes: a cross-sectional study. Advanced biomedical research, 6(1): 107. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.213667
  20. Iglesias-Gutiérrez, E., García-Rovés, P.M., García, Á., Patterson, Á. M. (2008). Food preferences do not influence adolescent high-level athletes’ dietary intake. Appetite, 50(2-3): 536-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.11.003
  21. Jacobson, B. H., Cook, D., Redus, B. (2003). Correlation between body mass index and percent body fat of trained body builders. Perceptual and motor skills, 96(3): 931-932. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.3.931
  22. Koşar, Ş.N. (2016). Associations of lean and fat mass measures with whole body bone mineral content and bone mineral density in female adolescent weightlifters and swimmers. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 58(1): 79-85. https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2016.01.011
  23. Koury, J.C., Trugo, N.M., Torres, A.G. (2014). Phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vectors in adolescent and adult male athletes. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 9(5): 798-804. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0397
  24. le Gall, F., Carling, C., Williams, M., & Reilly, T. (2010). Anthropometric and fitness characteristics of international, professional and amateur male graduate soccer players from an elite youth academy. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 13(1), 90-95.
  25. Loprinzi, P., Cardinal, B., Karp, J., Brodowicz, G. (2011). Group training in adolescent runners: Influence on VO2max and 5-km race performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(10): 2696-2703. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318207e978
  26. Lozano Berges, G., Matute Llorente, Á., Gómez Bruton, A., González Agüero, A., Rodríguez, G. V., & Casajús, J. A. (2017). Body fat percentage comparisons between four methods in young football players: are they comparable? Nutricion hospitalaria, 34(5).
  27. Lutoslawska, G., Malara, M., Tomaszewski, P., Mazurek, K., Czajkowska, A., Kęska, A., & Tkaczyk, J. (2014). Relationship between the percentage of body fat and surrogate indices of fatness in male and female Polish active and sedentary students. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 33: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1880-6805-33-10
  28. Malina, R. M. (2006). Weight training in youth-growth, maturation, and safety: an evidence-based review. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 16(6): 478-487. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jsm.0000248843.31874.be
  29. Malina, R.M., Eisenmann, J.C., Cumming, S.P., Ribeiro, B., Aroso, J. (2004). Maturity-associated variation in the growth and functional capacities of youth football (soccer) players 13–15 years. European journal of applied physiology, 91: 555-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0995-z
  30. Marfell-Jones, M. J., Stewart, A., & de Ridder, J. (2012). International standards for anthropometric assessment.
  31. Muia, E.N., Wright, H.H., Onywera, V.O., Kuria, E.N. (2016). Adolescent elite Kenyan runners are at risk for energy deficiency, menstrual dysfunction and disordered eating. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(7): 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1065340
  32. Naughton, R.J., Drust, B., O’Boyle, A., Morgans, R., Abayomi, J., Davies, I.G., James P.M., Mahon, E. (2016). Daily distribution of carbohydrate, protein and fat intake in elite youth academy soccer players over a 7-day training period. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 26(5): 473-480. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0340
  33. Perroni, F., Vetrano, M., Camolese, G., Guidetti, L., Baldari, C. (2015). Anthropometric and somatotype characteristics of young soccer players: Differences among categories, subcategories, and playing position. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(8): 2097-2104. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000881
  34. Plaza-Carmona, M., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., Gómez-Cabello, A., Martin-Garcia, M., Sanchez-Sanchez, J., Gallardo, L., Ara, I. (2016). Higher bone mass in prepubertal and peripubertal female footballers. European journal of sport science, 16(7): 877-883. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1144794
  35. Quiterio, A.L.D., Carnero, E.A., Baptista, F.M., Sardinha, L.B. (2011). Skeletal mass in adolescent male athletes and nonathletes: relationships with high-impact sports. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(12): 3439-3447. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318216003b
  36. Rauh, M.J., Barrack, M., Nichols, J.F. (2014). Associations between the female athlete triad and injury among high school runners. International journal of sports physical therapy, 9(7): 948.
  37. Reilly, T., Bangsbo, J., Franks, A. (2000). Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer. Journal of sports sciences, 18(9): 669-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120050
  38. Reilly, T., Williams, A.M., Nevill, A., Franks, A. (2000). A multidisciplinary approach to talent identification in soccer. Journal of sports sciences, 18(9): 695-702. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120078
  39. Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Boileau, R., Horswill, C., Stillman, R.J., Van Loan, M.D., Bemben, D.A. (1988). Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Human biology, 709-723.
  40. Stanforth, P.R., Crim, B.N., Stanforth, D., Stults-Kolehmainen, M.A. (2014). Body composition changes among female NCAA division 1 athletes across the competitive season and over a multiyear time frame. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(2): 300-307. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20f06
  41. Takai, Y., Nakatani, M., Aoki, T., Komori, D., Oyamada, K., Murata, K., Fujita, E., Akamine, T., Urita, Y., Yamamoto M., Kanehisa, H. (2018). Body shape indices are predictors for estimating fat-free mass in male athletes. PloS one, 13(1): e0189836. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189836
  42. Teixeira, A.S., Valente-dos-Santos, J., Coelho-E-Silva, M.J., Malina, R.M., Fernandes-da-Silva, J., do Nascimento Salvador, P.C., De Lucas, R.D., Wayhs, M.C., Guglielmo, L.G.A. (2015). Skeletal maturation and aerobic performance in young soccer players from professional academies. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(13): 1069-1075. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1549922
  43. Trexler, E.T., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Mann, J.B., Ivey, P.A., Hirsch, K.R., Mock, M.G. (2017). Longitudinal body composition changes in NCAA Division I college football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001486
  44. Valente-dos-Santos, J., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., Tavares, O.M., Brito, J., Seabra, A., Rebelo, A., Sherar, L.B., Elferink-Gemser, M.T., Malina, R.M. (2015). Allometric modelling of peak oxygen uptake in male soccer players of 8–18 years of age. Annals of human biology, 42(2): 126-134. https://doi.org/10.3109/03014460.2014.932007
  45. Vänttinen, T., Blomqvist, M., Nyman, K., Häkkinen, K. (2011). Changes in body composition, hormonal status, and physical fitness in 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old Finnish regional youth soccer players during a two-year follow-up. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(12): 3342-3351. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318236d0c2
  46. Wong, P.L., Chamari, K., Dellal, A., Wisløff, U. (2009). Relationship between anthropometric and physiological characteristics in youth soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(4): 1204-1210. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819f1e52